Which document serves as the supreme law of the land?

The Constitution is recognized as the supreme law of the land because it establishes the framework for the federal government and outlines the rights of citizens. It serves as the foundation of American law and governance, detailing the structure of government, the powers granted to different branches, and the rights of the individual. This supremacy means that any law or action taken by the government must align with the principles and stipulations outlined in the Constitution; otherwise, it can be deemed unconstitutional.

The other documents listed hold significant historical and legal importance but do not have the same standing. The Bill of Rights, for instance, comprises the first ten amendments to the Constitution, protecting specific liberties and rights, but it is part of the Constitution rather than a standalone supreme law. The Federalist Papers served as essays promoting the ratification of the Constitution, providing insight and commentary on governmental principles, but they do not constitute law themselves. The Declaration of Independence, while a crucial historical document proclaiming the colonies' separation from British rule, also does not serve as a governing framework or law. Thus, the Constitution is the central and highest legal authority in the United States.